The Coast Guard, Immigration and Naturalization service, Customs Service, and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service were combined to create The Department of Homeland Security in order to protect the nation from terrorism in 2002.The continuing threat of international terrorism requires that states and localities play a greater role in securing transit ports and places that are strategic targets. Also the random and unpredictability of terrorist attack as opposed to formal military attack means that national authorities cannot be stationed everywhere and thus resources in place must accept the role of first responders in the event of an attack.
Mayors of some cities and some governors, complain that the national government has been slow to provide and deliver the funding necessary for these expanded responsibilities. Furthermore, some mayors refuse to cooperate with the department of Homeland Security. Some inhibit cooperation out of ideological objections such as objections to department methodologies or objections to national immigration policies as in Portland, Oregon.According to the Posse Comitatus Act, Federal Military personnel cannot be coerced into actions by local authorities. The military does not normally play any role in domestic issues. While national authority may use the military in domestic issues such as disaster relief or rescue operations, such humanitarian efforts form the bulk of the military’s role in domestic issues. It was state governor’s use of the national guard that elicited Eisenhower’s nationalization of units used as local security to prohibit integration. Activation placed those state militia units into the national command structure so that the posse commitatus act would prevent their use in local affairs. Also this placed them in a position where, as commander in chief, Eisenhower could order them to stand down. This set the precedent for later use of regular army paratroopers to provide security for integrating students to arrive at and attend school safe from vigilante crowds. This use of national military personnel to achieve domestic goals set the precedent for the later use of the military in support of the drug enforcement agency in crime prevention in drug smuggling interdiction. Although this was primarily the Coast Guard, the traditional non-involvement of the military in civilian affairs was at a functional end. Under the provision to provide for the common defense, and with surreptitious attacks against this country on our own soil, any use of the military to make the citizens of this country secure in their persons should be legitimate. The fourth amendment provides for citizens to be secure in their in their persons and homes from our government, it should be a corollary of the fourth amendment that the government be required to use any means at its disposal that our persons and homes be secure from the actions of foreign governments and organizations.
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